Fractures around the elbow involve either the distal humerus, the proximal ulna or radius. They occur in differing patterns according to the mechanism of injury. The direction and degree of force of the injury will dictate how extensive the injury to the bones and surrounding capsule, ligaments, muscles and tendons is. In rare instances the nerves or significant vessels crossing the elbow may be injured, and will require urgent repair.

Elbow dislocations may be classified as simple (without an associated fracture) or complex (with an associated fracture). Again, the degree and direction of the force will dictate the pattern and extent of the injury.